lisduggan wrote:Re: Cuchulainn being set in the Bronze or Iron Age - it has elements of a distant past in its various tellings. The episode with Etercomal and Cuchulainn splitting him in half and Fergus splicing wythe spancil hoops through the dead man's ankles before dragging both halves of the severed body back to camp during the Tain has been archaeologically proven. One of the bog bodies found in Ireland and carbon dated to the Iron Age has the same spancil hoops described in the myth slung through one of his arms!!! Amazing. The Tain also talks about a great road from East to West in Iron Age Ireland. Also discovered in the Bog of Allen. So something definitely happened around 2000 years ago that drove Ulster into the ground. So like all myths there is no smoke without fire. So Bronze or Iron Age? Iron wins but since there is not so much material found in Iron Age Ireland the Bronze Age is a more fitting setting visually as we have tons to refer to in artifacts here but the culture is definitely influenced by Continental Celtic shennanigans.
The material culture, it is argued, does not reflect either an Iron or a Bronze Age culture, but that of the early medieval period. Alot of early scholars did compare alot of the material culture to that of the Bronze age, but without knowing then that the Bronze age was something different than just 'ancient'. (they did not quite have a distinct time frame as we do now).
There is unfortunately, a scarcity of archaeological evidence from the Iron Age, which does not help us with trying to identify the material culture as written and that of the archaeological evidence. To say it is Bronze Age is setting it too far back, I think.
The culture itself as presented in the Táin does seem to present us with a non-Christian society, and hence it is believed to be Iron Age (as argued by K. Jackson), but this is not taken at face value, as it cannot be certain from around when it dates from. It has been argued that it is set in the 1st-2nd century A.D., but written somewhere around the 7th-9th centuries, and earliest manuscript is c10-11th century.
It has also been proposed that the tale was merely made up in the christian period, and the content was inspired by classical writings of the continental Gauls, but that cannot be proven.
As it stands, alot of the culture and society can be/is equated with alot society of the continental celts as we know it (and maybe as they did), and it cannot be said for certain to what extent it stands that Ireland was indeed very like that, or it was a literary 'call-back' to that time.
As stated, it has been argued that alot of the material culture is reflective of the early medieval period, and not any earlier. This has mainly been done b a few scholars, such as Mallory who argued the sword described in the tale is best fitting to an early medieval sword, and not an iron or bronze age sword. Descriptions of spears can represent either an Iron age or a medieval weapon (the spear is a generic weapon in itself most often than not). The presence of helmets and most body armour are later additions, as they are loan-words from germanic and latin/cambro-latin. The need for a loan-word indicates that the technology is a new one (or so it is argued).
Alot of other materials cannot be alotted to any precise time period as they span a vast period.
To say which is correct, the material culture or the society itself? It cannot be stated for certain, and both may be full of anachronisms and additions here or there that may be trying to update or archaisise the text, when committed to writing.
either way, it is unsafe to say for certain when the saga dates from
(long-winded, and I hope it makes a bit of sense)